Free sample - Dyslexia. translation missing

Dyslexia. DyslexiaIntroduction This paper characterizes visual dyslexia, giving its potential causes. It likewise satisfies the impacts to the patient who are much of the time youngsters focusing on that it's anything but an infection however an impedance that can't be dealt with. Visual dyslexia Visual dyslexia can be characterized as a neurotic perusing trouble brought about by a visual impairment.â It is experiencing issues in perusing and understanding content because of visual issues. The patient makes visit outwardly based blunders all the more particularly in word acknowledgment in spite of having the option to name the segment. The patient with these challenges are supposed to be visual dyslexics, visuospatial dyslexics or dyseidetic dyslexics. The patient these perusing and spelling designs depict the accompanying visual handling shortcomings. The word dyslexia was gotten from the Greek word dys meaning poor or deficient and lexis importance works or language (Cardon L. 1994). Dyslexia is a learning handicap portrayed by issues in expressive, responsive, oral or composed language. Issues come up in perusing, spelling, composing, talking and tuning in. Dyslexia isn't an illness and it has no fix. It portrays an alternate sort of brain that adapts in an unexpected way. It isn't the consequence of low knowledge or the issue of insight. Dyslexia is certifiably not a visual issue however it is a language issue. Dyslexia results from contrasts in the structure and capacity of the cerebrum. The patient come up short on the capacity to compose or situate the manner in which something is seen, befuddle shapes, request of letters, and can't concentrate on a particular article for a significant stretch of time. For example, a kid can befuddle the state of a triangle for a square or see the word bat and read the letters in reverse which brings about them seeing tab. Other paralexia (botches made by individual with visual dyslexia) incorporate saccade (word checking by arrangement of obsessions and quick eye development) vague consonants, phonetic incentive to quiet graphemic consonants, vowel digraphs, consonant groups, move worry of words, neologisms (new word), loss of syllable and consonants lost. Profound dyslexia is an unpredictable perusing issue brought about by mind harm in which the side effect is the inhabitance of semantic mistakes in single word (Cardon L. 1994). Causes Photon energies that is explicit to excessively touchy people prompt inside the eye’s photopic photoreceptors the conditions that make dyslexic-type visual variations from the norm, and that those photon energies can be adequately stifled before they contact the visual arrangement of defenseless people. Dyslexic people regularly experience suggestive help when rewarded with explicit shaded straightforward overlays. Photon energies explicit to easily affected people, instigate inside the eye’s photopic photoreceptors the conditions that make dyslexic-type visual anomalies. Photon energies can be stifled before they contact the visual arrangement of vulnerable people. Dyslexic patient experience suggestive alleviation when rewarded with explicit hued straightforward overlays (Michael C. 2004). Paraletic mistakes are ascribed to a brokenness of the visual examination framework in the double course equal model of perusing. Studies that have indicated that visual dyslexia runs all through families and is given to numerous kids genetically.â A factual geneticist discovered proof that a quality for dyslexia sits on chromosome number six, which is one of the twenty-three chromosomes (Cardon, 1994). Dr. Glen Rosen, a Harvard neuroscientist clarified that nerve cells inside the left side of the equator of the mind seem littler than in the correct side of the equator. This distinction in size of nerve cells lose the planning of the mind and disturb its pivotal word handling aptitudes, Dr. Albert Balaburda, a nervous system specialist from Harvard hypothesized that the cerebrum of dyslexic individuals are shelled with minuscule sores and strange cells which clarifies that the center of the issue may live in the apparatus that controls pre-birth advancement. Nervous system specialist and analyst of dyslexia separated the confusion into three diverse subtypes to build up a method to show youngsters with various degrees of dyslexia. The first subtype is known as dysphonetic dyslexia. At the point when these youngsters read, they embed or erase letters and syllables. In dyseidetic dyslexia, the patient can not perceive words in general and appear to peruse gradually. Ultimately, blende d dyslexia and youngsters in with this subtype experience both dysphonetic and dysedetic dyslexia; moreover, blended dyslexia causes these kids more scholastic disappointment than some other known subtype. Bakker’s three subtypes were phonetic, perceptual, and blended dyslexia. Etymological dyslexia alluded to a kid s capacity to understand quick; anyway numerous missteps were available in light of the fact that the kid overlooked and included letters and syllables. This is like Border’s dysphonetic dyslexia. Besides, perceptual dyslexia exists when a youngster peruses precisely yet gradually. Bakker’s third subtype (blended dyslexia) is practically identical to Boder’s blended dyslexia since the two of them are a mix of the first and second subtypes. There are three methodologies for rewarding dyslexic patients and they incorporate the formative, restorative, and medicinal methodology. The formative methodology proposes that instructors ought to educate in little gatherings or independently on the grounds that additional time and consideration is important for some dyslexic youngsters. The remedial methodology likewise happens in little or individual gather ings permitting the youngster to investigate extraordinary premiums with the goal that the kids can depend on their own exceptional capacities so as to beat challenges. In the therapeutic methodology, it is viewed as essential to decide the aptitudes that are generally troublesome and afterward apply individualized Consequences for an understudy The distinctive engine capacities engaged with typical perusing like eye examining, obsessions and saccades performed to incorporate fovea pictures is upset because of an obtained sore to one side or left half of the globe of the eye. End Visual dyslexia is frequently acquired through qualities. It very well may be brought about by early ear contaminations too. There are three methodologies for rewarding dyslexic patients and they incorporate the formative, restorative, and medicinal approach.â References: Boder E. (1973) .Developmenal dyslexia: a demonstrative methodology dependent on three atypical perusing spelling designs. Cardon L. (1994). Gained dyslexia. Michael C. (2004). Photon Induced Visual Abnormalities (PIVA) and Visual Dyslexia.

Thinking About Content in an Application Essay

In the event that you are anticipating heading off to college, you ought to consider your application essay.Some colleges require a few application papers, some will demand just a couple, and others won't need any application exposition whatsoever. Good for you! Nonetheless, most scholastic establishments do require an application paper. The substance of the application exposition relies on the brief from the college. Maybe the entrance advisory board needs you to peer out a window and portray what you see. OK. You can do that. Be imaginative and depict what you see and why. Concentrate on the innovative part of portraying your view, making it individual by telling the peruser what it intends to you. Recall that your application article must be exceptional to stand apart from the huge quantities of use papers that will show up in affirmations workplaces over the country.Another college’s application needs you to portray yourself utilizing only three words and afterward clarify why you chose those words. That’s not all that troublesome. Except if you have great explanations behind depicting yourself with customary or ordinarily utilized words, pick this application exposition to characterize yourself in atypical terms. Utilize your creative mind or ask your companions how they would depict you. You might be shocked at their reactions. You could likewise portray yourself the manner in which you want to be. Include a commentary in the paper to clarify this is a â€Å"fantasy† essay.Never Rush Your Application EssaysThe most testing application exposition is the one which essentially demands that you â€Å"tell us about yourself.† The motivation behind the application article is to let the entrance advisory board become more acquainted with you past the standard application materials: the measurements, the grades, the transcripts, and the letters of suggestion. This application article is your opportunity to step out of a jam-packed fiel d and state â€Å"Look at me!† I have decided to apply to your school because†¦ I need to consider (pick one!) communications†¦ Or maybe you don't know what you need to be or what you want to examine. Application papers are the passes to what's to come. You don't need to pick your goal yet. You simply need to consider it now.Final expressions of proposal about composing application expositions: remain inside the necessary word limit; react to the brief or answer the inquiry; be innovative while acting naturally; be not kidding about composing the application article in great English; and, ask somebody you trust to peruse your application paper for you and offer their feeling and recommendations. Play around with the procedure! It is a once in a blue moon opportunity!

New Beginnings

New Beginnings It was a hot, humid Friday afternoon when I touched down in Logan after a 20-hour flight, badly jetlagged and starving (plane food is not the best). Things have been looking up since then, and being meticulously organised (both my dorm room and my room back home would probably crumble in laughter if they could read this), I have tried to condense everything note-worthy into four major points: 1. Goodbyes are hard! I had never left Kenya before coming to the States. I went to both primary school (elementary/middle school) and high school in Nairobi and was within a half hour’s reach of my parents at any given time. Now I had to fly to the other side of the world in pursuit of education. This was the most drastic decision I’ve made, ever. Saying goodbye to my cat and having to explain to her that she would still be well fed and protected in my absence was hard, but the true impact of leaving hit while I was saying goodbye to my family at the airport. As expected, there was a show of waterworks, and a series of repetitive goodbyes, but eventually I managed to break away and get on the plane. If there’s anything I learnt from all this, it’s that goodbyes are hard- period. My (slightly depressed) cat 2. The subway is awesome, boba tea on the other hand… Since I came to the States, I’ve been on the subway twice during my Freshman Pre- Orientation Program (Discover Ocean Engineering). I come from a place where public transportation is rather slow and unreliable so the subway is a wonderful concept to experience. Also, walking back from dinner at Harvard Square (still during said FPOP) and feeling the vibration of the trains beneath my feet brought about a wonderful childish form of excitement that I hadn’t had in a long time. However, boba tea (or any other form of cold tea for that matter) is an absolute no for me, perhaps because I’m accustomed to my usual cup of steaming hot Kenyan tea. My academic advisor had his assistants take us out for (free) bobas, and sadly I couldn’t make it through more than two sips of mine. 3. My FPOP was AMAZING Ocean Engineering sounds like an awfully random FPOP to choose, and my thought process while choosing it also wasn’t really brainy (it’s summer, I want to be outside doing fun stuff, I love the beach, I hope we play beach volleyball at some point). The beach volleyball part didn’t happen, but what did happen was: I got to visit the New England Aquarium. I totally recommend doing this whenever you are within reach of Boston. I find sea creatures fascinating and the way they present them at the aquarium doesn’t just give you the biological aspect of it (i.e. scientific names) but also their role in the ecosystem. The wholesome approach while describing various life-forms in the ocean rightly gives the aspect of an entirely new world underwater. If not for the vast wealth of knowledge offered at the aquarium, then visit for the aesthetics- the dimly lit interior, completely devoid of natural light gives a unique ambience to the whole experience and draws your complete focus to the exotic creatures on display. *THREE* Boat Cruises in one week! One of the (many) perks of being an international student is that during this year’s orientation, we went on an amazing boat cruise down the Charles River. Also, part of my FPOP was a Duck Tour which is basically a tour of Boston on a bus which later turns into a boat and cruises down the Charles, then turns back into a bus (I promise I’m not making this up). We had an extremely witty tour guide on the Duck Tour which made it all the more fun! We passed the John Harvard Statue at some point in our tour, this being the origin of Harvard’s name, and our guide proceeded to explain why the statue is commonly referred to as the “Statue of Three Lies” (my apologies to the Harvardites): On the statue, it’s inscribed that John Harvard founded the school in 1638. Wrong! It was founded two years earlier, in 1636. Harvard was not founded by John Harvard. He just donated a ton of money to the school which at the time had no name, so they decided to name it after him. The statue is not of John Harvard- no one even knows what he looked like, since there was no surviving documentation of him! A man called Sherman Hoar actually sat as a model for John Harvard’s head. Ironically, Harvard students rub John Harvard’s feet for good luck before they sit for tests. On the second-last day of my FPOP, we sailed to Spectacle Island and had an absolutely idyllic day where we explored the island, played a (frustrating) game of Mao (a type of cards game which has no rules but rather the players come up with secret rules as the game continues and you have to figure them out) and generally just bonded among ourselves. Views from the boat Views from Spectacle Island We built a sea perch! On the first day of my FPOP, we were placed into groups of three, given a manual on how to build sea perches â€"which are basically underwater robots- then left to our own devices (literally). It sounds a lot harder than it actually is, and we managed to make a functional one in two days! Cheers to this brilliant team! The exact moment when we tested our sea perch and it worked. We baptised her The Titanic. Free Food! There was a ton of food involved in this FPOP and we got to eat at Legal Sea Foods, The Cheesecake Factory and Faneuil Hall Marketplace. Sometimes we even got to individually   choose where we wanted to eat. On one of these expeditions, I got my first taste of pad thai, and afterwards we got ice creams from J.P. Licks. Just saying, FPOPs take nutrition very seriously. Fantastic Friends!!!!!!!! An FPOP provides a great environment to meet fellow freshmen and make some of your first friends. It’s also a good forum to interact with upperclassmen and get to learn how to MIT. The mentors in my FPOP basically helped me figure out which classes to take in my fall semester and how to get around issues I was having with scheduling my classes, hence making life a lot easier for my academic advisor. 4. No, it’s not a bed of roses… During international students’ orientation, we had a talk from a professor who drew us a graph of happiness over time for an MIT freshman: The graph went something like this: At this point, it’s safe to say that I’m at the honeymoon phase. I’m still planning my classes, so the firehosing that MIT is well known for hasn’t started yet. I have had several challenges settling in, the major one being learning how to pronounce things the American way so as to get people to understand what I’m saying (burger is said as brr-ger???!!!!) Also, not having any idea of what is being talked about in so many conversations has made me more of a listener than a talker nowadays, and having to ask “What’s a cannoli?” in a fast-paced conversation is a lot harder than it seems. Accents are a real thing, and it’s a humbling experience to find that people are willing to stretch their patience and take time to understand you rather than give up and leave you to find your way alone. I expect a lot of the international students are going through varied manifestations of culture shock in one way or another, but the friendliness and warm helpfulness that is prevale nt in the MIT community makes this transition so much easier. All in all, it’s only been about 3.14 seconds since I got here, but MIT is starting to feel like home already.

The Effects Of Parental Parenting On Children - 1089 Words

Parenting 101 In the world there is no such thing as a bad child, just a bad parent who did not teach their child to be a respectful person. Strict parenting is essential to having a mature and respectful child. For instance when a child is misbehaving towards the parent. Authoritative parents raise independent children, as the child grows the parents teach them have self-control when it comes to making decisions. Opponents of extreme parenting argue that aggressive parenting affects the child and can damage their character. Extreme parenting affects a child because it teaches them to be responsible, independent, and encourages high self-esteem as they grow older. Every child should be responsibility for their actions. â€Å"Most US parents abdicate their responsibility for discipline and instead focused on being liked by their children.† (Extreme Parenting). When a child makes a bad decision, whether it was misbehaving at home or misbehaving at school the child should be hel d responsible for their actions. Strict parenting teaches children to be responsible with their belongings. The director of academic affairs wrote that children are motivated by external factors, such as money or prizes (Responsibility). A professor at the University of Minnesota did analyzation and found that young adults who began chores at the ages of 3 and 4, were more likely to have good relationships with family and friends and are at a higher rate to achieve academic success. Authoritative parentsShow MoreRelatedThe Association Between Parenting And Its Effect On Child Behavior911 Words   |  4 Pagesassociation between parenting and its effect on child behavior is made relative, we can take a look at negative parenting styles and its association with delinquency. Wilma Smeenk, and Jan Gerris have done an analysis that associated parenting with delinquency. 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A fourth style, uninvolved/neglectful, is also being more widely recognized. The likes of Erickson and Baumrind have long since contributed to research efforts on the effects of parenting styles on child development. With numerous factors influencing both the parents and the child’s response to the parenting style is can be difficult to assess the best styleRead MoreCharacteristics Of Alcoholic Parents And How Alcohol Dependency May Influences Their Children s Well Being1725 Words   |  7 Pagesdecision making. When a parent has a dependency on alcohol, it affects the decision making not only in their life, but the life of their child’s. An addiction to alcoholism can change the parent’s parenting style in the moment of consumption and in between alcohol consumption, whiles they are sober. Children of alcoholics (COA’s) are at risk for different problems, both internalized and externalized issues. Some of these issues that COA’s may face include, school struggle and failure, emotional problems

The Fallacy of Nonsense Essay - 1906 Words

The Fallacy of Nonsense Lewis Carroll was a professor of logic, writing among his well known works of fiction, treatises on the subject of logic and even a textbook, Symbolic Logic. â€Å"It is the function of logic to classify and formulate fallacious forms of argument as well as valid ones.† (Burks 367) So is it some of the functions of Carroll’s tales of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. Presenting different puzzles, riddles, or what appears to be on the surface nonsense, Carroll in these books present many questions of logic and indirectly their solutions, challenging the ability of the reader to believe what has been presented. All his nonsensical puzzles can be either proved or disproved using some†¦show more content†¦Carroll may have chosen to use this particular example to demonstrate a fallacy due to the fact that the reader already knows that Alice is not a serpent, leaving it to logic to prove why. Another fallacy is presented in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland at the mad tea party. On the two propositions â€Å"I say what I mean† and â€Å"I mean what I say,† (Carroll A/T 61) Alice concludes equivalence, applying the symbolic logic rule of conversion. Translated into a form which can be applied, the first proposition becomes â€Å"All I say is what I mean†, notated â€Å"All S is M†, by definition a universal proposition. The second, assumedly a conversion of the first, is translated â€Å"All I mean is what I say† and is notated â€Å"All M is S†, also a universal proposition. However, the conversion is invalid, because a universal proposition converts to a particular proposition. The valid conversion would be â€Å"All S is M† to â€Å"Some M is S†, or â€Å"Some of what I mean is what I say†, according to the symbolic rules of conversion. 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I will summarize his main idea, pin point the audience that he will be targeting, then I will layout the foundations of this speech along with the arguments he used to benefit this bill. The American Job act is proposal that Barack Obama was advocatingRead MoreWhy Crimes Are Committed969 Words   |  4 PagesThe focus of Samuel Walker s Sense and Nonsense About Crime and Drugs is crime reduction strategies. Some that work, and others that, as the title implies, are nonsense. The fifth edition of the Criminology textbook discusses a wide variety of criminal justice aspects, including; who commits crime and why; the history of studying crime and various attempts at reducing and dealing with crime. Criminology is, in essence, the study of why people omit crimes. In some instances, the two booksRead MoreAbsolute Control in the Novel 1984 by George Orwell Essay797 Words   |  4 Pagespassed into history and became the truth†(34). This quote is significant because it stating that the citizens of Oceania were under the influence of lies that were being told to be passed down from generation to generation. To fill their heads with nonsense that didn’t eve n make sense. The billboards and media throughout the village supports the idea of the totalitarian state. This is breaking down the independence of ones individual mind. When â€Å"IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†(16) is flashed on the screenRead MoreThe Declaration Of The Rights Of Man And Citizen1554 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially its usage of natural rights, by presenting different arguments against its language and function. 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This also disregards any theory that an all-powerful force, such as God, created life and that the biblical story of Adam and Eve being the first two humans created by God is simply nonsense. Furthermore, it can be suggested that science creates a dull reality and sucks the ‘colour’ and vibrancy that religion and the imagination creates by making everything black and white; everything has a cause and effect. Although science was

The Impact Of Telecommunication Technology On Virtual...

Impact of Telecommunication Technologies on Virtual Universities Shena D. Sterling IX540: Research Methods for Education and Instructional Technology Professor Kimberly Case December 13, 2014 Introduction Virtual Universities are on the rise and are a legitimate threat to replace the traditional University. The most prominent reason for the current explosion in student enrollment in the virtual universities, are advancements in telecommunications technologies. This paper presents a methodology for quantitatively testing the relationship between growth in telecommunications technologies, and parallel growth in student enrollment in Category 1, Title IV 2yr and 4yr degree granting distance education programs recognized by†¦show more content†¦As advancements in telecommunications technologies go forward the costs associated with such technologies have decreased while the benefits increased. New cutting edge technologies are always priced at a premium when they are introduced into the market. As competitors enter the market the cost of the technology gradually declines and demand rises following the law of demand. In this project one of the major questions that must be answered is whether the value of low cost distance education programs, supported by new and innovative telecommunication technologies, is greater than the value of traditional educational programs costing much more. The researcher proposes that the explosive growth in student enrollment in on-line programs answer this question affirmatively. The researcher will use quantitative analysis to support the null hypothesis identified in the document. Within the context of this quasi-experimental study the researcher has carefully investigated the role advancements in telecommunications technologies have played in the establishment and growth of virtual universities in the U.S., the impact telecommunications technologies have had on Title IV, Post-Secondary 2yr and 4yr degree granting colleges and universities, how the explosive growth in on-line student enrollment has globally

What We Saw from the Cheap Seats by Regina Spektor free essay sample

Assailing and balladeering, Regina Spektor queens the realm of charismatic odes to love and all the other useless things in life. Her 2012 album What We Saw from the Cheap Seats dazzles; it deserves description only by superlatives. But this isn’t the first time Spektor has led the world marching to her cleverly worded anthems. Now the sixth in a procession of albums (remember Far?), her songs have been pulled to dazzle the OST’s of the likes of the Chronicles of Narnia and breezy love affair (500) Days of Summer. And everything we’ve come to love about the â€Å"Soviet Kitsch† has returned. No, she hasn’t changed much; no, we haven’t lost her. Songwriting that crowns her as proud as she is ethnic is realized—oh, you’ll hear more than just English on this tracklist too. She champions verses tender yet supreme as her vocal power: a mix quaint enough to delight. We will write a custom essay sample on What We Saw from the Cheap Seats by Regina Spektor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her tales reminisce of a splendid age that’s yet to pass, and they overflow into and over your arms. While the few and fanciful references to today’s hooked youth pass on, like jokes. Truly; Spektor is as free as ever. The most magical part? Spektor urges us to feel grand in the scheme of things. For tunes that rise and fall as the empires of old, humbling at a moment’s notice, they fill. The laments and hymns are more personal than ever, escalated often as twentyfold axioms of sweet, sweet sound. Which is probably what we saw from the cheap seats: a very good show.

The Psychologicat Effects of the Dust Bowl Essay Example

The Psychologicat Effects of the Dust Bowl Paper The Psychological Affects of the Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl was an added devastation accompanying the Great Depression. It lasted from 1930 to 1939 and is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"Dirty Thirties†. (Bonnifield) Lack of crop rotation and a heavy drought caused this trying time in American history. Over one third of the United States was swallowed up by dust storms with the concentration of storms being located in northern Texas, the panhandle of Oklahoma, the entire western half of Kansas, south east Colorado, and north east New Mexico. Gazit) One psychological affect experienced as a result of this great historic disaster must have been depression. With over a decade of soil misuse and a severe drought that started in 1930 the top soil virtually turned to dust and blew away with the wind. This catastrophe could have been adverted with the practice of crop rotation. Crop rotation is a technique that has been traced back to Roman times. This method prevents the buildup of pests and/or pathogens. A known occurrence when the same crop is used season after season. Specifically the rotation of deep rooted and shallow rooted crops would have helped to prevent this era in American history. This grave agricultural mistake served to devastate a large population of people. Because of the lack of top soil crops could not grow therefore farmers and their families became stricken with poverty. Soon after the dust started blowing away it created dust storms which their most fierce covered the sky and there was little to no visibility on the ground, even worse than a blizzard of today the storms were given the name â€Å"Black Blizzard† (Gazit). Entire farm machinery virtually disappeared under a blanket of dust deposits left behind by these storms. Even with the aid of relief programs from the federal government entire families still had to pick up and leave behind their land, homes, and way of life. Most of these families were referred to as â€Å"Okies† because the majority came from Oklahoma and nearly all headed west to California to escape the storms. (Ganzel) Meeting basic human needs was a day to day struggle. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychologicat Effects of the Dust Bowl specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychologicat Effects of the Dust Bowl specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychologicat Effects of the Dust Bowl specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because the vast majority of the families were poor they had little to no money for food often fought over food that they may have shared with others just years earlier. Another health concern during this time was the onset of dust pneumonia which is the disproportionate exposure to dust where as dust literally fills the lungs. (Cook) The condition was so common that several musicians wrote song with the most famous being Woody Guthrie’s â€Å"Dust Pneumonia Blues†. Lack of employment was another common trauma that could easily lead to depression. Having previously been able to provide food and a place of warmth and wellbeing was no longer possible for males and single mothers of the day. The conditions were so extreme families were sometimes encouraged to give their children to government agencies so they could be better cared for. Not only did the Dust Bowl affect farmers but also white collar and professional workers who now had to fend for themselves in conditions and livelihoods they were not accustomed to. J. D. Bilbro, a child of the Dust Bowl recalls being trapped within a dust storm during a day known as â€Å"Black Sunday†. He talks about how he, a friend, and their two sisters ran through the storm and it was â€Å"black as midnight, rolling and boiling along the earth like a runaway tidal wave†. (Westbrook) The Grapes of Wrath written in 1939 by John Steinbeck and published by The Viking Press is a fictional story about a family traveling across the country to California during the Dust Bowl just in hope to find jobs as fruit pickers. In preparation for writing the book Mr. Steinbeck traveled as a migrant worker for two years so that he could get a feel and understanding for how the people of this era felt and survived. Bio) In the PBS history series American Experience: Surviving the Dust Bowl in an interview conducted in 2009 with Margie Daniel-Hooker of Oklahoma, she says that even as a child she could tell her father was depressed. She says it was noticeable by the way he would just stare off into space. In the same series Mrs. Daniel-Hooker goes on to talk about her younger brother who had pneumonia three times. She speaks about how she believes her brother caught pneumonia every time due to the dust storms. Mrs. Daniel-Hooker recalls her mother giving her little brother a spoonful of medicine each night and how the both of them sat up all night with him. Then one time as her mother was giving him a spoonful of medicine he leaned back in her arms and died. She tells how her mother screamed and held him very tightly then goes on to talk about how she had many more children but after the loss of that one child was never the same again. Mrs. Daniel-Hooker spoke about how she cried herself to sleep for an extensive period and how she will never forgive herself for bringing home the Measles and how he caught them. She explains how one could overcome pneumonia but never pneumonia and measles coupled together. Both Mrs. Daniel-Hooker, and her mother suffered long term from these experiences. As with the beginning of national media photography showed and still shows today the affects the Dust Bowl had on America. Dorothea Lange was a photographer who worked for the Farm Security Administration to document the plight of the Dust Bowl and was made famous for six pictures (one in particular) she took of Florence Owens-Thompson. (Dunn) Although the pictures accurately depicted life during this era Mrs. Thompson said she was told the pictures that were taken of her would not be published. But Ms. Lange sent the pictures to the San Francisco News and the Resettlement Administration in the nation’s capital. The most well known was entitled â€Å"The Migrant Mother†. Over forty years later the nation was enlightened as to whom the Migrant Mother was. In December 2008 Mrs. Owens-Thompson’s daughter, Katherine who was also seen in the picture at an early age publicly said the picture shamed the family because it pointed out just how poor they were. Gutierrez) Although the famous photos did much for public awareness and government change, they disturbed the family members depicted for a lifetime. As a result of the Dust Bowl and complications of the Great Depression large numbers of families lives were drastically changed. Loss of homes, jobs, and poor healthcare would have encouraged psychological complications such as depression. The day to day struggle to meet basi c family needs and difficulties arising from trying to accomplish these tasks led many Dust Bowl sufferers to develop and suffer with this depraved mental state. Works Cited About The Dust Bowl. Welcome to English  « Department of English, College of LAS, University of Illinois. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Biography Page. Welcome to the Official Woody Guthrie Website. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Bonnifield, Paul. â€Å"May, it seemed like the wind, and dirt had been blowing for an. 1930 Dust Bowl. cimarron county chamber of commerce. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Cook, Ben, Ron Miller, and Richard Seager. Dust storms in the 1930s Dust Bowl. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory | . N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Drought in the Dust Bowl Years. Welcome to the National Drought Mitigation Center website!. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Dunn, Geoffrey. New Times San Luis Obispo Cover Story Photographic license. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Freedman, Russell. Children of the Great Depression . New York: Clarion Books, 2005. Print. Ganzel, Bill. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s. The Wessels Living History Farm, the Story of Agricultural Innovation. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Gazit, Chana. WGBH American Experience . Surviving the Dust Bowl . Complete Program Transcript | PBS. PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Gerrig, Richard J. , and Philip G. Zimbardo. Psychology and life . 19th ed. Boston: Allyn Bacon, 2010. Print. Gutierrez, Thelma, and Wayne Drash CNN. Girl from iconic Great Depression photo: We were ashamed CNN. com. CNN. com Breaking News, U. S. , World, Weather, Entertainment Video News. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Hariman, Robert, and John Louis Lucaites. No caption needed: iconic photographs, public culture, and liberal democracy. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2007. Print. John Steinbeck Biography Biography. om. Biography. co m. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Popper, Deborah Epstein, and Frank J. Popper. Outstanding Articles. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . RuneHQVideos. YouTube-Woody Guthrie Dust Bowl Blues . YouTube. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Steinbeck, John. The grapes of wrath . New York: Viking Press, 1939. Print. s The Dust Bowl. United States History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . WGBH American Experience . Surviving the Dust Bowl . Timeline | PBS. PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. .

How to Effectively Prepare for a Second Interview

How to Effectively Prepare for a Second Interview Congratulations! Not only have you made it to the interview stage, you’ve made it through to the second round. You’re one step closer to landing the job. It’s not a guarantee, but it’s a pretty good indication that they like you. Think of it like a second date with someone you’d like to get serious with. Now’s your chance to prove to them that you have what it takes. That being said, here’s your comprehensive prep guide to help you prepare for a second job interview. First step: StrategizeThe stakes are obviously higher. You’ll have to kick your game up a notch to match the level of scrutiny you’ll be under. Make sure you’re well prepared. Make sure you know the exact name and function of the position for which you’re being considered. And make sure to ask in advance exactly who will be interviewing you, names and roles.If you’ve gotten word of your second interview via email rather than phone, this g ives you a bonus shot at drafting a superbly professional response. If not, no worries. Just plow forward into your prep work. The key to good prep is not to stalk them, but to garner enough knowledge to show them you’re keen and wells Included)

Interest Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Interest Groups - Essay Example The students are the affected people when the parent reaches a point that he/she cannot pay the school fees because their learning is affected. The people who are likely to join the group are the parents. The parents will bear the whole burden. When the cost of education increases, the parents will have to strain when looking for fees. They will join the group because the group will assist to advocate for the reduction of fees or some part being subsidized (Sweenay & Grant 2012, p. 77). The strategy I would use is to approach the institution and discuss the rising costs of education. This will be after forming the group and we will accompany each other with the group members. This will assist as we will assist each other when discussing the issue with the relevant bodies in the institution. The first step is to ask the institution the reasons for the rising costs of education. After getting their views in the reasons, we will go to the next step, which will be the possible solutions to the problem. The next step is to ask and check if there are any unnecessary costs on the budgeted expenditure (Nà ­ Bhrolchà ¡in & Beaujouan 2012, p. 103). If there is any cost that is unnecessary, we shall request the institution to drop the expenditure for the sake of reducing costs. This is because the reduction in costs will help the parents not to strain and at the same time, our studies will not be disrupted. If the institution will not respond to our request, we will take le gal steps. This means we shall seek for assistance from the respective law societies. After getting the feedback from the institution, we shall present it to the parents and other stakeholders whom we were representing. The money to be used in this process will be raised from the student unions. This is because there are some funds set for various activities organized by the student representatives in the university. We will present the opinion to the relevant officials of the

Chinese Judiciary Achievements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Chinese Judiciary Achievements - Essay Example Despite this strides made, china is still away from achieving a wholly independent judiciary. This has been enhanced through enormous re-education and community attitude changes are encouraged. Achievements Chinese judiciary in the past thirty years has been successful in its quest for formalization and institutionalization. The areas include but not limited to; taking strides towards regulating acts of administrative laws. The important roles played by administrative legislation toward effective legal regulation of government legislative practices are crucial for any legal system. Legislative law of the people’s republic of china for instance, has ensured a basic legal framework for managing acts of administrative legislation (China's judicial system and its reform, 2010)1. For this to be realized, Chinese government issued the ordinance regarding the procedures for the formation of administrative control and the provisions on the guide for making administrative rules. This w as a sign of institutionalization and formalization at the judiciary. Cleaning up administrative rules, repeatedly standardization acts of government legislation (Cai, 2001)2. ... clarity and coherence in lawful standards, and in its way to realizing progress in the law based government, it has initiated several cleanups aiming at government legislation particularly those related to duties and rights of administrative areas. This initiative by the Chinese government to cleanup rules, regulations and normative documents have helped with the enactment of law-based government. Building of administrative penalty system and guarding individual procedural rights. An administrative penalty refers to authorizations passed on individual, legal persons and organizations found to have violated administrative directions. Such penalties help in effective management of communal affairs, enactment of administrative objective and disciplining person found with the offense of breaching administrative law standards or derail administrative goals and avoid illegal habit. China is among the few states to have an official administrative penalty law (Cai, 2001)3. In the year 1996, the Administrative Penalty Law established the legal ideologies and processes for legal and correct penalties and putting public opinion into consideration. It became useful during the incorporation of administrative penalty actions of administrative structures into a lawful framework. Through this, unjust penalties which were common in the early 1990s were stopped efficiently. Issuance of public security law and promotion of domestic based administration has seen improvement in areas such as legislative theory, important principles, and the sorts of punishments that are appropriate for public security management, punishment processes and supervision of law enactment. This is a reflection of the progress made so far by the Chinese government towards realizing a law based state and it

Sociological theory of religion

Sociological theory of religion 1 Using examples critically assess one sociological theory of religion In most traditional societies, religion is an important form of social togetherness. It augments a feeling of community and promotes a set of shared values and beliefs in some form of god. Religion also plays a central role in cultural life; people often synthesize religious symbols and rituals into the material and artistic culture of the society: literature, storytelling, painting, music, and dance.[1] It is the focus of the society that is of interest to religious sociologists, in particular theories concerning the way religious behaviour differs between and within societies. Beckford notes that theories revolving around how social interaction benefits or holds back societies, has made sociology a renowned area of study.[2] In order to establish a fundamental starting point in this thesis, the foundations of sociology and the sociology of religion will be described in context. Furthermore, it will discuss, in some detail, the sociological theoretical approach of functionalism by sociologists; a critical analysis will aim to show the differences in their approaches to functionalism and will include supporting and critical statements from preceding and subsequent sociological theorists. Sociologists generally define religion as a codified set of moral beliefs concerning sacred things and rules governing the behaviour of believers who form a spiritual community[3]. Auguste Comte (1798 1857) describes sociology as the study of human societies.[4] A classical view is that, it is a social science that, uses varied methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis,[5] and is often used to develop theory about human social activity. The sociology of religion therefore takes into account the aforemention ed and also includes the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society.[6] Jones (2003) describes Comte as the first to proclaim the virtues of an empirically based social science,[7] a type of sociology that would have enormous implications for someone like Comte, who had been born during the aftermath of the French Revolution. Bilton et al (1996) explain this further: Positive social knowledge could offer the means for peaceful reconstruction of social order by the elite of enlightened scientists and intellectualsSocial change need not depend upon revolutionary violence and the manipulation of the mob[8] Comte was able to make use of the new science for the progression of society and the re-establishment of order as well as being able to apply the positive method to social theory[9]. Comte and his fellow Frenchman Durkheim are said to be the forerunners in creating the discipline of sociology. Thompson (1982) describes Comte as giving the subject its name and an ambitious prospectus, whilst Durkheim gave it, academic credibility and influence.[10] Functionalist sociologists focus their attention on the nature of institutional relationships in society.[11] To understand this further, one can use Talcott Parsons functionalist ideas as an example. Parsons, [who supported functionalism in the United States] used the functionalist perspective to group institutions in society into four related functional sub-systems; economic, political, kinship, and cultural. This theory stressed the importance of interdependence among all behaviour patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. [12] In a similar way Durkheim In trying to explain the value of social and cultural character, illuminated them in terms of their contribution to the operation of an overall system. Furthermore, Malinowski, who promoted functionalism in England, endorsed the idea that cultural practices had psychological and physiological functions, such as the reduction of fear and anxiety, and the satisfaction of desires.[13] Another English man Radcliffe-Brown contended that, all instituted practices ultimately contribute to the maintenance, and hence the survival, of the entire social system, determining the character of inter-group relations.[14] It is Parsons sub-system of culture that encompasses religion that we now turn to. A functional definition of religion is fundamentally based on the social structure and drawing together of people, it pays particular attention to how religion guides and influences the lives of people who are actively involved, and through this promotes unity and social cohesiveness.[15] Durkheim believed and argued that, religion was a socially constructed institution, serving the needs of society by socialising members into the same norms, values and beliefs, therefore reinforcing the collective conscience upon which the stability of society rests.[16] He looked in depth at the origins, meaning, and function of religion in society. His belief was that religion was not so much about God, but more about the consolidation of society and the sense of identity that this creates within a particular society.[17] He fully believed that individuals who accepted their role within their own society develop a form of social conscience as part of that role, which Durkheim labels as the Conscie nce collective,[18] which in simpler terms could be labelled as, a common understanding.[19] Published in 1921 and penned by Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, is renowned as the best-known study on the sociology of religion.[20] Using secondary data, Durkheim studied native totemism in primitive Australian tribes, in effect the totem is a symbol that is an integral part of the group, and during ceremonies will be the magnet that draws everyone together to form a collective whole. Therefore, totemism in this instance is explained not in terms of what it is, [what the content of its doctrines and beliefs are] but what it does, that is, the function it performs for the social system.[21] Durkheim claims that, the totem, the sacred object is a representation, by which society symbolises itself,[22] which according to Fulcher and Scott, he believed to be the real basis of social solidarity.[23] From his observations Durkheim developed his theory of the sacred and profane, believing that all things in society can be separated into these distinct categories, as a fundamental dichotomy the sacred and profane are seen as two separate domains or worlds. For Durkheim the sacred meant the unity of the group embodied in symbols, as in his example of totems, the profane was more about the mundane or the individual, and less concerned with the group. However the British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard (1937) observed that sacred things may be profane at certain times, an example he gives is the case of the Azande[24], who, when their shrines were not in ritual use, were used as props to rest their spears.[25] This analysis of the sacred and the profane was extended to all religions by Durkheim and his followers, making a focus on what is similar about what they each do, and about the integrative functions all these religions perform on their social systems.[26] He therefore viewed religion within the context of the entire society and acknowledged its place in influencing the thinking and behaviour of the members of society.[27] Furthermore he beli eved that order flowed from consensus, from the existence of shared norms and values,[28] for him the key cause of social upheaval stems from anomie, the lack of regulating norms. Without norms constraining behaviour, explains Durkheim, humans develop insatiable appetites, limitless desires and general feelings of irritation and dissatisfaction.[29] Radcliffe-Brown continued Durkheims sociological perspective of society; he particularly focused on the institutions of kinship and descent and suggested that, at least in tribal societies, they determined the character of family organization, politics, economy, and inter-group relations.[30] Thus, in structural-functionalist thought, individuals are not significant in and of themselves but only in terms of their social status: their position in patterns of social relations. When regarding religious ceremonies Radcliffe-Brown contends that ceremonies, for example, in the form of communal dancing, promoted unity and harmony and functioned to enhance social solidarity and the survival of the society, in this he agreed with another renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski. Malinowskis functionalism was highly influential in the 1920s and 1930s, a British anthropologist, he conducted one of the first major studies of religion from an ethnocentric perspective, on the people of the Trobriand Islands.[31] The first anthropologist to undertake a long-term piece of field research, Malinowski lived among the Trobriand islanders for four years.[32] In studying the functions of religion in a small scale, he agreed with Durkheim that religion reinforced social norms, values and promoted social solidarity.[33] Malinowski also believed that religion could relieve social anxiety and could provide a sense of security especially when people are faced with situations in which they have no control, an example Malinowski gives is based on his observation of the Trobriand islanders fishing in a calm lagoon, no religious practice was attached, however when faced with the perils of fishing in the open ocean, religious rituals were always performed. In this way Malinowski b elieved humans could exert a perceived control over a world in which they held no significant, individual power.[34] This individual, perceived control can be seen to be used by people facing a personal crisis. Often in a situation where they have no control over the outcome, people will turn to religion looking for guidance and sanctuary; thereby giving them a sense of power. For Malinowski then, religion also helped to conciliate periods of life crises and events such as death, marriage and birth, these rituals, known as rites of passage are marked by ceremonies, that by their very nature, are a form of social togetherness that help to create social order and contentment. These rites however can be seen to be controlled in that to a certain extent one is prepared for new life, death and marriage, these events form part the circle of life and therefore come with some prior knowledge. Ceremonies that relate to these life events could be seen as a predictable common bond that will help to reinforce social solidarity. Malinowski argues that religion minimizes the disruption, in particular, of death. He believes that the assertion of immortality gives rise to feelings of comfort for the bereaved, whilst the act of a funeral ceremony binds the survivors together.[35] Coser (1977) explains further: Religion can counter a sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level therefore religion as a social institution serves to give meaning to mans existential predicaments by tying the individual to that supra-individual sphere of transcendent values which is ultimately rooted in his society.[36] So far we have seen that collective or communal gatherings are generally aimed at promoting social solidarity and cohesion, this is backed by the empirical evidence offered by Malinowski in his study of the Trobriand Islands. Hamilton (1995) offers that these gatherings can also be interpreted as involving the recognition of divisions, conflict and disharmonies inherent in the society and rituals may be seen as a means of coping with and defusing them.[37] Concerning Malinowskis empirical evidence, a contrasting point is noted by Casanova (1995) who questions functionalism on empirical grounds, he argues that religion does not provide consensus and unity, instead he says that most conflicts [an example he gives is the Iran/Iraq war] in society have religious foundations.[38] Marxist sociologists also criticise functionalists on a theoretical level. Marx claims that religion does not create societal consensus, instead it creates conflict between those that have wealth in the ruling class and those that do not in the working class.[39] Therefore according to Marx, the only norms and values that are conserved by religion are those of the ruling class. Functionalist theory could therefore be said to neglect the areas in which religion has been dysfunctional for society, whereby religious divisions have caused disruption and conflict rather than promoting social order. History provides numerous examples of this including the aforementioned Iran/Iraq dispute, Northern Ireland and Bosnia. An Extreme functionalist assessment of religion, declares William Stevens, is put forward by American sociologist Robert Bellah. Bellah fuses Parsons argument that America derives its values from Protestantism, with Durkheims belief that the worship of god is the disguised worship of society. From this Bellah develops a new kind of religious concept, that of a civil religion.[40] Therefore despite the individual belief systems of American citizens, it is the overarching faith in America that unites Americans. Wallis (1983:44) cited in Jones, explains that Bellah finds evidence of civil religion in Presidential inaugurations and ceremonials such as Thanksgiving Day and Memorial Day are similarly held to integrate families into the civil religion, or to unify the community around its values.[41] A further point to be made here is that generally civil religion does not hold to a belief in the supernatural. Bellah disagrees and says examples of confirmation in the supernatural can be see n or heard on a daily basis, phrases such as God Bless America and the words In God we trust on the national currency, he believes are prime examples of this. However Stevens asserts that this is not the god of any particular creed, but a god of America. For Bellah then civil religion creates a social cohesiveness by gathering people together to collectively partake in some form of ceremonial event. Therefore flag waving at a sporting event or lining the street to celebrate a royal marriage or death can bring about a united outpouring of joy or grief that in itself generates order. A contemporary example is the untimely death of Princess Diana. Her funeral witnessed a monumental combining of people, faiths and nations in a symbolic act of grief. Functionalist sociologists tend to emphasize what maintains society, not what changes it and are criticized for being unable to account for social change because it focuses so intently on social order and equilibrium in society. Functionalists have to take into account that change does happen in societies and that change is a good thing, and can represent progress. Jones says that the functionalist way around this is to use an organic analogy social progress occurs as it does with organisms as an evolutionary change.[42] Bilton et al explain that this takes shape in the form of structural differentiationdifferentiation is a type of splitting or separation of a previously undivided unit, the new units differ in that they are more specialised in the functions they perform.[43] Talcott Parsons, in his approach to social change, emphasises differentiation. According to Parsons, Institutions change, if the need of the system changes.[44] An example of a system change stems from The Indu strial Revolution, which was facilitated by capitalism, was increasingly demanding technological advances to increase profit. In order to make this possible there was a need for more educated workforces. As a result the industrial economy needed a new form of family to perform these specialist functions. Thus, as one aspect of society changed the economy and production it required a comparable change in the educational system, bringing social life back into equilibrium. This new modernization of society, explains Marske, is associated with the increasing indifference of the individual from the traditional social bonds of an intimate network of diffuse social relationships. [45] Due to a greater demand in the workforce people from all walks of life came together causing an increase in the cultural diversity within a particular society. As a result individuality became a more prominent feature; religion it seems was becoming less social and more personal. Durkheim would disagree with this statement as he believed it was possible to be an individual as well as social institution, he explains, In reality, the religion of the individual is a social institution like all known religions. It is society which assigns us this ideal as the sole common end which is today capable of providing a focus for mens wills.[46] Dillon (2003) explains that social scientists and Western intellectuals have been promising the end of Religion for centuries, Comte announced that, as a result of modernization, human society was outgrowing the theological stage of social evolution and a new age was dawning which the science of sociology would replace religion as the basis or moral judgements.[47] Durkheim predicted the gradual decrease in formal world religions; in post-enlightenment society he felt that there would be a greater emphasis on the individual. This he believed would lead to a weakening of ties in the modern world. In addition he envisaged that social solidarity and the collective conscience would be taken up by other institutions that would evolve into new forms of religious experience.[48] Furthermore a maturing modernity would see scientific thinking replace religious thinking. As a consequence, Durkheim considered the concept of God to be on the verge of extinction. In its place he envisioned society as promoting civil religion, in which, for example, civic celebrations, parades, and patriotism take the place of church services. If traditional religion were to continue, he believed it would do so only as a means to preserve social cohesion and order. Parsons disagrees with this synopsis, with modern life will come structural frameworks that are more competitive and specialised, however they would still persist because religion is an adaptable structural framework for the explanation of inexplicable social phenomena.[49] A criticism applied to the functionalists perspective stems from Durkheims analogy that societies and social institutions have personalities.[50] To imagine that a society is a living, breathing organism is a difficult concept when in fact it is seen as an inorganic object. This creates what can said to be a philosophical problem and an ontological argument that society does not have needs as a human being does; and even if society does have needs they need not be met. The view here is that society is alive in the sense that it is made up of living individuals. What is not taken into account is that each individual is a different entity, with their own wants and needs. As part of the unit they can function and integrate within the group as a viable member. However individual life choices may not always create a positive function for the society as a whole. Functionalists in general tend to have a too positive view by believing that everything that exists in society does so because it has some kind of functional purpose. Robert Merton believed that it was entirely plausible for society to have dysfunctional elements.[51] Durkheim also recognised that some forms of social life could be seen in the same way, however he did not use the term dysfunctional. In his work on crime, he noted that crime was functional to society, this seems to be a contradiction in that he also said, too high a level of crime might not be functional, because it could create a state of confusion regarding what constitutes the norms that applied to peoples lives. As a society dysfunctional actions, in particular criminal actions are frowned upon, and as a society we can become mob-handed in the way people come together to condemn an act of crime. Durkheim has a point to make here in that, people combine together, forming a collective cohesion in defining themselves against what they are not.[52] Picturing society like a vast machine, Merton argues that a society should best be considered as a cross between the cultural goals of a society-what it holds its members should strive for-and the means that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways that individuals should attain these goals. In an ideally organized society, the means will be available to deliver all of its members to their goals.[53] One must take into account when analysing such theories that at the time of writing the world was a very different place to the one we live in today. Social anthropology has come under criticism for looking into primitive societies as a representation of unchanged societies criticism in particular stems from the lack of historical records that could confirm or deny any findings. Radcliffe-Brown considered this type of work a mistakehis belief was that the religious and ritual systems had to be understood in the context of the existing society and their role in that society.[54] One could linger on Durkheims prediction that religion would decrease with modernity, religion here being in reference to the act of attending a social gathering in the worship of some form, whether it be totemic or divine. However an important point to note is that at the time when the Sociology of Religion was in its infancy, religious practice was more of a regular occurrence than one would perhaps find in todays society. However individuals are still irrevocably influenced by the role of religion in their own lives. Their beliefs and values allow them to feel supported in their everyday life; religion sets aside certain values and infuses them with special significance. Culture plays an important part here, as values, customs and beliefs combine to become a moral code by which societies adhere to and live by and pass on to future generations. Religion encourages collective worship be it in a church, mosque, temple, home or some other specified gathering place. Through the act of collective worship the individual is encouraged to feel part of a wider community. Today, societies are classed as more secular in their nature, yet if one consider the earlier statement about religion being an important form of social togetherness it would be easy to make analogies with the different groups that make up the society we inhabit. For example schools hold assemblies, awards evenings and performances all which can be seen as an example of community spirit and social cohesion. People as individuals, have interests outside of their immediate social groupings, this does not make them an outcast or outsider, and instead it promotes a sense of identity, individualism and the self. The writings of sociologists such as Durkheim, Comte, Radcliffe-Brown and Parsons are still important today, especially in comparing the way society sees religion. However, in contemporary society sociologists have a different set of problems to contend with as belief in modern society and materialism for many becomes a more vital moral value than partaking in a religious practice . BIBLIOGRAPHY Beckford, James A. (2003) Social Theory and Religion, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Bilton et al, Introductory sociology 3rd Edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Casanova, Jose, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995) Christiano, Kevin J., William Swatos Jr Peter Kivisto, Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments Lanham, 2nd edition (MD: Rowman Littlefield publishers, 2008). Comte, Auguste, A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed), John Scott Gordon Marshall (eds), (Oxford: OUP, 2005). Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977), pp. 136-139, Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977: 136-139, Dewar, Greg, Religious studies, Philosophy and Ethics, (London: Oxford University Press, 2002). Dillon, Michele, Handbook of the sociology of religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society. Translated by, George Simpson. (New York: Free Press, 1893/1964). Durkheim, Emile, and Coser, Lewis A., The Division of Labor in Society. (Free Press, 1997) Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology. Translated by, Joseph Ward Swain. (New York: Macmillan, 1915). E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of primitive religion, (Oxford: Clarendon press, 1965). Emile Durkheim, Sociology and philosophy (New York: free press, 1974). Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Social Anthropology and Other Essays. ( London,1950).Contains a critique of Radcliffe-Browns functionalism from the perspective of historicism. Fulcher, J. Scott, J. Sociology, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Giddens, Anthony, Durkheim, (London: Harper Collins, 1996). Goldschmidt Walter, Functionalism In Encyclopaedia of Cultural Anthropology, Vol 2. David Levinson and Melvin Ember, (eds) (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996), p. 510. Hamilton, M, The sociology of religion, 2nd edition (Oxon: Routledge, 2001). Hunt, S. Religion in Western Society, (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002). Jones, Pip, Introducing Social Theory, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003). Jones, Robert Alun., Rules of the sociological method 1895, in Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1986), pp. 60-81. Macionis, J. Plummer, K. Sociology: A Global Introduction (Essex: Pearson, 2005). Merton, Robert, Social Theory and Social Structure, (USA: Macmillan, 1968), chapter 3. Orenstein, Ashley D. DM, Sociological theory: Classical statements 6th edition (Boston: Pearson Education, 2005), pp.3-5: 32-36. Sociology Quarter, Durkheim as a functionalist, vol 16 no 3 (Summer, 1975), pp 36 -379. Thompson, Kenneth, (1982) Emile Durkheim, (Sussex: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1982). Winthrop, Robert H. 1991. Functionalism In Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), p. 130. WEBLIOGRAPHY Functionalism, in Anthropology and Sociology The Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia. 2000-2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0819881.html (Accessed: 18.01.10). Functions OF religion learningat.ke7.org.uk/socialsciences/soc-sci/soc/a2/R. Accessed 14.1.10. CliffsNotes.com. Introduction to Religion. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26927.html. Accessed 10.1.10 Chris Livesey, Functionalist perspectives on Durkheim, www.sociology.org.uk Marjolin, Robert French sociology-Comte and Durkheim, University of Chicago press American journal of sociology, vol. 42, no 5 (Mar., 1937), pp693 -704. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2767763 (Accessed: 12.1.10.). Mark Glazer, Functionalism http://www.utpa.edu/faculty/mglazer/theory/functionalism.htm (Accessed: 13.12.09). Marske, Charles E, (1987) Durkheims Cult of the Individual and the Moral Reconstitution of Society, Sociological Theory, Vol. 5, No. 1, (American Sociological Association, 1987), pp. 1-14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/201987. Accessed: 17.01.10. The Azande, http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7829 (Accessed: 15/1/10). William J. Stevens, Religion: A Functionalist Assessment, http://www.helium.com/items841304-religion-a-functionalist-assessment. (Acces

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Biography of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born Sunday, February 12, 1809, in a log cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky. His parents names were Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. They named him after his grandfather. Abraham’s grandfather had been killed by Indians long before Abraham had been born. Both of his parents were born in Virginia. Abraham had an older sister and a younger brother. His younger brother was named Thomas but he died in infancy. Abraham’s sisters name was Sarah. Abraham’s father was a hard worker, he was a carpenter and a farmer. Abraham’s parents were members of a Baptist congregation which had separated from another church due to opposition to slavery. Abraham was seven when his parents decided to move to Indiana. One of the reasons they wanted to move there was because of slavery. Abraham had attended school for a little while in Kentucky and did so again in Indiana. In 1818, Abraham’s mother died from milk sickness. It was a sickness that you got from drinking the milk from cows which had eaten poisonous white snakeroot. He took her death hard. His father remarried in a year. Abraham liked his new step mother. She brought along three of her own children to the household. Her name was Sarah Bush Johnston Lincoln. As Abraham grew up he realized that he preferred learning things than to be working in the fields. This caused a problem between Abraham and his father because his father was the complete opposite. Abraham would borrow ...

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