Sociological theory of religion

Sociological theory of religion 1 Using examples critically assess one sociological theory of religion In most traditional societies, religion is an important form of social togetherness. It augments a feeling of community and promotes a set of shared values and beliefs in some form of god. Religion also plays a central role in cultural life; people often synthesize religious symbols and rituals into the material and artistic culture of the society: literature, storytelling, painting, music, and dance.[1] It is the focus of the society that is of interest to religious sociologists, in particular theories concerning the way religious behaviour differs between and within societies. Beckford notes that theories revolving around how social interaction benefits or holds back societies, has made sociology a renowned area of study.[2] In order to establish a fundamental starting point in this thesis, the foundations of sociology and the sociology of religion will be described in context. Furthermore, it will discuss, in some detail, the sociological theoretical approach of functionalism by sociologists; a critical analysis will aim to show the differences in their approaches to functionalism and will include supporting and critical statements from preceding and subsequent sociological theorists. Sociologists generally define religion as a codified set of moral beliefs concerning sacred things and rules governing the behaviour of believers who form a spiritual community[3]. Auguste Comte (1798 1857) describes sociology as the study of human societies.[4] A classical view is that, it is a social science that, uses varied methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis,[5] and is often used to develop theory about human social activity. The sociology of religion therefore takes into account the aforemention ed and also includes the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society.[6] Jones (2003) describes Comte as the first to proclaim the virtues of an empirically based social science,[7] a type of sociology that would have enormous implications for someone like Comte, who had been born during the aftermath of the French Revolution. Bilton et al (1996) explain this further: Positive social knowledge could offer the means for peaceful reconstruction of social order by the elite of enlightened scientists and intellectualsSocial change need not depend upon revolutionary violence and the manipulation of the mob[8] Comte was able to make use of the new science for the progression of society and the re-establishment of order as well as being able to apply the positive method to social theory[9]. Comte and his fellow Frenchman Durkheim are said to be the forerunners in creating the discipline of sociology. Thompson (1982) describes Comte as giving the subject its name and an ambitious prospectus, whilst Durkheim gave it, academic credibility and influence.[10] Functionalist sociologists focus their attention on the nature of institutional relationships in society.[11] To understand this further, one can use Talcott Parsons functionalist ideas as an example. Parsons, [who supported functionalism in the United States] used the functionalist perspective to group institutions in society into four related functional sub-systems; economic, political, kinship, and cultural. This theory stressed the importance of interdependence among all behaviour patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. [12] In a similar way Durkheim In trying to explain the value of social and cultural character, illuminated them in terms of their contribution to the operation of an overall system. Furthermore, Malinowski, who promoted functionalism in England, endorsed the idea that cultural practices had psychological and physiological functions, such as the reduction of fear and anxiety, and the satisfaction of desires.[13] Another English man Radcliffe-Brown contended that, all instituted practices ultimately contribute to the maintenance, and hence the survival, of the entire social system, determining the character of inter-group relations.[14] It is Parsons sub-system of culture that encompasses religion that we now turn to. A functional definition of religion is fundamentally based on the social structure and drawing together of people, it pays particular attention to how religion guides and influences the lives of people who are actively involved, and through this promotes unity and social cohesiveness.[15] Durkheim believed and argued that, religion was a socially constructed institution, serving the needs of society by socialising members into the same norms, values and beliefs, therefore reinforcing the collective conscience upon which the stability of society rests.[16] He looked in depth at the origins, meaning, and function of religion in society. His belief was that religion was not so much about God, but more about the consolidation of society and the sense of identity that this creates within a particular society.[17] He fully believed that individuals who accepted their role within their own society develop a form of social conscience as part of that role, which Durkheim labels as the Conscie nce collective,[18] which in simpler terms could be labelled as, a common understanding.[19] Published in 1921 and penned by Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, is renowned as the best-known study on the sociology of religion.[20] Using secondary data, Durkheim studied native totemism in primitive Australian tribes, in effect the totem is a symbol that is an integral part of the group, and during ceremonies will be the magnet that draws everyone together to form a collective whole. Therefore, totemism in this instance is explained not in terms of what it is, [what the content of its doctrines and beliefs are] but what it does, that is, the function it performs for the social system.[21] Durkheim claims that, the totem, the sacred object is a representation, by which society symbolises itself,[22] which according to Fulcher and Scott, he believed to be the real basis of social solidarity.[23] From his observations Durkheim developed his theory of the sacred and profane, believing that all things in society can be separated into these distinct categories, as a fundamental dichotomy the sacred and profane are seen as two separate domains or worlds. For Durkheim the sacred meant the unity of the group embodied in symbols, as in his example of totems, the profane was more about the mundane or the individual, and less concerned with the group. However the British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard (1937) observed that sacred things may be profane at certain times, an example he gives is the case of the Azande[24], who, when their shrines were not in ritual use, were used as props to rest their spears.[25] This analysis of the sacred and the profane was extended to all religions by Durkheim and his followers, making a focus on what is similar about what they each do, and about the integrative functions all these religions perform on their social systems.[26] He therefore viewed religion within the context of the entire society and acknowledged its place in influencing the thinking and behaviour of the members of society.[27] Furthermore he beli eved that order flowed from consensus, from the existence of shared norms and values,[28] for him the key cause of social upheaval stems from anomie, the lack of regulating norms. Without norms constraining behaviour, explains Durkheim, humans develop insatiable appetites, limitless desires and general feelings of irritation and dissatisfaction.[29] Radcliffe-Brown continued Durkheims sociological perspective of society; he particularly focused on the institutions of kinship and descent and suggested that, at least in tribal societies, they determined the character of family organization, politics, economy, and inter-group relations.[30] Thus, in structural-functionalist thought, individuals are not significant in and of themselves but only in terms of their social status: their position in patterns of social relations. When regarding religious ceremonies Radcliffe-Brown contends that ceremonies, for example, in the form of communal dancing, promoted unity and harmony and functioned to enhance social solidarity and the survival of the society, in this he agreed with another renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski. Malinowskis functionalism was highly influential in the 1920s and 1930s, a British anthropologist, he conducted one of the first major studies of religion from an ethnocentric perspective, on the people of the Trobriand Islands.[31] The first anthropologist to undertake a long-term piece of field research, Malinowski lived among the Trobriand islanders for four years.[32] In studying the functions of religion in a small scale, he agreed with Durkheim that religion reinforced social norms, values and promoted social solidarity.[33] Malinowski also believed that religion could relieve social anxiety and could provide a sense of security especially when people are faced with situations in which they have no control, an example Malinowski gives is based on his observation of the Trobriand islanders fishing in a calm lagoon, no religious practice was attached, however when faced with the perils of fishing in the open ocean, religious rituals were always performed. In this way Malinowski b elieved humans could exert a perceived control over a world in which they held no significant, individual power.[34] This individual, perceived control can be seen to be used by people facing a personal crisis. Often in a situation where they have no control over the outcome, people will turn to religion looking for guidance and sanctuary; thereby giving them a sense of power. For Malinowski then, religion also helped to conciliate periods of life crises and events such as death, marriage and birth, these rituals, known as rites of passage are marked by ceremonies, that by their very nature, are a form of social togetherness that help to create social order and contentment. These rites however can be seen to be controlled in that to a certain extent one is prepared for new life, death and marriage, these events form part the circle of life and therefore come with some prior knowledge. Ceremonies that relate to these life events could be seen as a predictable common bond that will help to reinforce social solidarity. Malinowski argues that religion minimizes the disruption, in particular, of death. He believes that the assertion of immortality gives rise to feelings of comfort for the bereaved, whilst the act of a funeral ceremony binds the survivors together.[35] Coser (1977) explains further: Religion can counter a sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level therefore religion as a social institution serves to give meaning to mans existential predicaments by tying the individual to that supra-individual sphere of transcendent values which is ultimately rooted in his society.[36] So far we have seen that collective or communal gatherings are generally aimed at promoting social solidarity and cohesion, this is backed by the empirical evidence offered by Malinowski in his study of the Trobriand Islands. Hamilton (1995) offers that these gatherings can also be interpreted as involving the recognition of divisions, conflict and disharmonies inherent in the society and rituals may be seen as a means of coping with and defusing them.[37] Concerning Malinowskis empirical evidence, a contrasting point is noted by Casanova (1995) who questions functionalism on empirical grounds, he argues that religion does not provide consensus and unity, instead he says that most conflicts [an example he gives is the Iran/Iraq war] in society have religious foundations.[38] Marxist sociologists also criticise functionalists on a theoretical level. Marx claims that religion does not create societal consensus, instead it creates conflict between those that have wealth in the ruling class and those that do not in the working class.[39] Therefore according to Marx, the only norms and values that are conserved by religion are those of the ruling class. Functionalist theory could therefore be said to neglect the areas in which religion has been dysfunctional for society, whereby religious divisions have caused disruption and conflict rather than promoting social order. History provides numerous examples of this including the aforementioned Iran/Iraq dispute, Northern Ireland and Bosnia. An Extreme functionalist assessment of religion, declares William Stevens, is put forward by American sociologist Robert Bellah. Bellah fuses Parsons argument that America derives its values from Protestantism, with Durkheims belief that the worship of god is the disguised worship of society. From this Bellah develops a new kind of religious concept, that of a civil religion.[40] Therefore despite the individual belief systems of American citizens, it is the overarching faith in America that unites Americans. Wallis (1983:44) cited in Jones, explains that Bellah finds evidence of civil religion in Presidential inaugurations and ceremonials such as Thanksgiving Day and Memorial Day are similarly held to integrate families into the civil religion, or to unify the community around its values.[41] A further point to be made here is that generally civil religion does not hold to a belief in the supernatural. Bellah disagrees and says examples of confirmation in the supernatural can be see n or heard on a daily basis, phrases such as God Bless America and the words In God we trust on the national currency, he believes are prime examples of this. However Stevens asserts that this is not the god of any particular creed, but a god of America. For Bellah then civil religion creates a social cohesiveness by gathering people together to collectively partake in some form of ceremonial event. Therefore flag waving at a sporting event or lining the street to celebrate a royal marriage or death can bring about a united outpouring of joy or grief that in itself generates order. A contemporary example is the untimely death of Princess Diana. Her funeral witnessed a monumental combining of people, faiths and nations in a symbolic act of grief. Functionalist sociologists tend to emphasize what maintains society, not what changes it and are criticized for being unable to account for social change because it focuses so intently on social order and equilibrium in society. Functionalists have to take into account that change does happen in societies and that change is a good thing, and can represent progress. Jones says that the functionalist way around this is to use an organic analogy social progress occurs as it does with organisms as an evolutionary change.[42] Bilton et al explain that this takes shape in the form of structural differentiationdifferentiation is a type of splitting or separation of a previously undivided unit, the new units differ in that they are more specialised in the functions they perform.[43] Talcott Parsons, in his approach to social change, emphasises differentiation. According to Parsons, Institutions change, if the need of the system changes.[44] An example of a system change stems from The Indu strial Revolution, which was facilitated by capitalism, was increasingly demanding technological advances to increase profit. In order to make this possible there was a need for more educated workforces. As a result the industrial economy needed a new form of family to perform these specialist functions. Thus, as one aspect of society changed the economy and production it required a comparable change in the educational system, bringing social life back into equilibrium. This new modernization of society, explains Marske, is associated with the increasing indifference of the individual from the traditional social bonds of an intimate network of diffuse social relationships. [45] Due to a greater demand in the workforce people from all walks of life came together causing an increase in the cultural diversity within a particular society. As a result individuality became a more prominent feature; religion it seems was becoming less social and more personal. Durkheim would disagree with this statement as he believed it was possible to be an individual as well as social institution, he explains, In reality, the religion of the individual is a social institution like all known religions. It is society which assigns us this ideal as the sole common end which is today capable of providing a focus for mens wills.[46] Dillon (2003) explains that social scientists and Western intellectuals have been promising the end of Religion for centuries, Comte announced that, as a result of modernization, human society was outgrowing the theological stage of social evolution and a new age was dawning which the science of sociology would replace religion as the basis or moral judgements.[47] Durkheim predicted the gradual decrease in formal world religions; in post-enlightenment society he felt that there would be a greater emphasis on the individual. This he believed would lead to a weakening of ties in the modern world. In addition he envisaged that social solidarity and the collective conscience would be taken up by other institutions that would evolve into new forms of religious experience.[48] Furthermore a maturing modernity would see scientific thinking replace religious thinking. As a consequence, Durkheim considered the concept of God to be on the verge of extinction. In its place he envisioned society as promoting civil religion, in which, for example, civic celebrations, parades, and patriotism take the place of church services. If traditional religion were to continue, he believed it would do so only as a means to preserve social cohesion and order. Parsons disagrees with this synopsis, with modern life will come structural frameworks that are more competitive and specialised, however they would still persist because religion is an adaptable structural framework for the explanation of inexplicable social phenomena.[49] A criticism applied to the functionalists perspective stems from Durkheims analogy that societies and social institutions have personalities.[50] To imagine that a society is a living, breathing organism is a difficult concept when in fact it is seen as an inorganic object. This creates what can said to be a philosophical problem and an ontological argument that society does not have needs as a human being does; and even if society does have needs they need not be met. The view here is that society is alive in the sense that it is made up of living individuals. What is not taken into account is that each individual is a different entity, with their own wants and needs. As part of the unit they can function and integrate within the group as a viable member. However individual life choices may not always create a positive function for the society as a whole. Functionalists in general tend to have a too positive view by believing that everything that exists in society does so because it has some kind of functional purpose. Robert Merton believed that it was entirely plausible for society to have dysfunctional elements.[51] Durkheim also recognised that some forms of social life could be seen in the same way, however he did not use the term dysfunctional. In his work on crime, he noted that crime was functional to society, this seems to be a contradiction in that he also said, too high a level of crime might not be functional, because it could create a state of confusion regarding what constitutes the norms that applied to peoples lives. As a society dysfunctional actions, in particular criminal actions are frowned upon, and as a society we can become mob-handed in the way people come together to condemn an act of crime. Durkheim has a point to make here in that, people combine together, forming a collective cohesion in defining themselves against what they are not.[52] Picturing society like a vast machine, Merton argues that a society should best be considered as a cross between the cultural goals of a society-what it holds its members should strive for-and the means that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways that individuals should attain these goals. In an ideally organized society, the means will be available to deliver all of its members to their goals.[53] One must take into account when analysing such theories that at the time of writing the world was a very different place to the one we live in today. Social anthropology has come under criticism for looking into primitive societies as a representation of unchanged societies criticism in particular stems from the lack of historical records that could confirm or deny any findings. Radcliffe-Brown considered this type of work a mistakehis belief was that the religious and ritual systems had to be understood in the context of the existing society and their role in that society.[54] One could linger on Durkheims prediction that religion would decrease with modernity, religion here being in reference to the act of attending a social gathering in the worship of some form, whether it be totemic or divine. However an important point to note is that at the time when the Sociology of Religion was in its infancy, religious practice was more of a regular occurrence than one would perhaps find in todays society. However individuals are still irrevocably influenced by the role of religion in their own lives. Their beliefs and values allow them to feel supported in their everyday life; religion sets aside certain values and infuses them with special significance. Culture plays an important part here, as values, customs and beliefs combine to become a moral code by which societies adhere to and live by and pass on to future generations. Religion encourages collective worship be it in a church, mosque, temple, home or some other specified gathering place. Through the act of collective worship the individual is encouraged to feel part of a wider community. Today, societies are classed as more secular in their nature, yet if one consider the earlier statement about religion being an important form of social togetherness it would be easy to make analogies with the different groups that make up the society we inhabit. For example schools hold assemblies, awards evenings and performances all which can be seen as an example of community spirit and social cohesion. People as individuals, have interests outside of their immediate social groupings, this does not make them an outcast or outsider, and instead it promotes a sense of identity, individualism and the self. The writings of sociologists such as Durkheim, Comte, Radcliffe-Brown and Parsons are still important today, especially in comparing the way society sees religion. However, in contemporary society sociologists have a different set of problems to contend with as belief in modern society and materialism for many becomes a more vital moral value than partaking in a religious practice . BIBLIOGRAPHY Beckford, James A. (2003) Social Theory and Religion, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Bilton et al, Introductory sociology 3rd Edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Casanova, Jose, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995) Christiano, Kevin J., William Swatos Jr Peter Kivisto, Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments Lanham, 2nd edition (MD: Rowman Littlefield publishers, 2008). Comte, Auguste, A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed), John Scott Gordon Marshall (eds), (Oxford: OUP, 2005). Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977), pp. 136-139, Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977: 136-139, Dewar, Greg, Religious studies, Philosophy and Ethics, (London: Oxford University Press, 2002). Dillon, Michele, Handbook of the sociology of religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society. Translated by, George Simpson. (New York: Free Press, 1893/1964). Durkheim, Emile, and Coser, Lewis A., The Division of Labor in Society. (Free Press, 1997) Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology. Translated by, Joseph Ward Swain. (New York: Macmillan, 1915). E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of primitive religion, (Oxford: Clarendon press, 1965). Emile Durkheim, Sociology and philosophy (New York: free press, 1974). Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Social Anthropology and Other Essays. ( London,1950).Contains a critique of Radcliffe-Browns functionalism from the perspective of historicism. Fulcher, J. Scott, J. Sociology, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Giddens, Anthony, Durkheim, (London: Harper Collins, 1996). Goldschmidt Walter, Functionalism In Encyclopaedia of Cultural Anthropology, Vol 2. David Levinson and Melvin Ember, (eds) (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996), p. 510. Hamilton, M, The sociology of religion, 2nd edition (Oxon: Routledge, 2001). Hunt, S. Religion in Western Society, (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002). Jones, Pip, Introducing Social Theory, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003). Jones, Robert Alun., Rules of the sociological method 1895, in Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1986), pp. 60-81. Macionis, J. Plummer, K. Sociology: A Global Introduction (Essex: Pearson, 2005). Merton, Robert, Social Theory and Social Structure, (USA: Macmillan, 1968), chapter 3. Orenstein, Ashley D. DM, Sociological theory: Classical statements 6th edition (Boston: Pearson Education, 2005), pp.3-5: 32-36. Sociology Quarter, Durkheim as a functionalist, vol 16 no 3 (Summer, 1975), pp 36 -379. Thompson, Kenneth, (1982) Emile Durkheim, (Sussex: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1982). Winthrop, Robert H. 1991. Functionalism In Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), p. 130. WEBLIOGRAPHY Functionalism, in Anthropology and Sociology The Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia. 2000-2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0819881.html (Accessed: 18.01.10). Functions OF religion learningat.ke7.org.uk/socialsciences/soc-sci/soc/a2/R. Accessed 14.1.10. CliffsNotes.com. Introduction to Religion. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26927.html. Accessed 10.1.10 Chris Livesey, Functionalist perspectives on Durkheim, www.sociology.org.uk Marjolin, Robert French sociology-Comte and Durkheim, University of Chicago press American journal of sociology, vol. 42, no 5 (Mar., 1937), pp693 -704. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2767763 (Accessed: 12.1.10.). Mark Glazer, Functionalism http://www.utpa.edu/faculty/mglazer/theory/functionalism.htm (Accessed: 13.12.09). Marske, Charles E, (1987) Durkheims Cult of the Individual and the Moral Reconstitution of Society, Sociological Theory, Vol. 5, No. 1, (American Sociological Association, 1987), pp. 1-14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/201987. Accessed: 17.01.10. The Azande, http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7829 (Accessed: 15/1/10). William J. Stevens, Religion: A Functionalist Assessment, http://www.helium.com/items841304-religion-a-functionalist-assessment. (Acces

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For many foreigners, immigration to the United States during late 19th century and early 20th century would be a new beginning to a prosperousRead MoreMusic In Film F14 Syllabus2373 Words   |  10 Pages258 Description of Course Content: A study of the history, compositional styles and impact of music in films during the 20th century. Course Description: The class traces the history and development of film music through reading, lecture and film viewing. The class studies the process of film scoring and how music and its relationship to film have changed over the last century. Class includes discussion and evaluation of different compositional styles and learning to listen analytically and criticallyRead More Mexicans in the United States Essay3496 Words   |  14 Pagesthrough the Mexican-American war, analyzing particularly the Mercantilist policy which guided the colonization, alongside the principles of self-interest which carried many Anglos to Texas resulting in the war. Following, will be a close study of the period between the signing of the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo and the Second World War which was strongly defined by the Anglo capitalist industrialization of the early 20th century, and its subsequent effect on the development of the Chicano conditionRead MoreWomen and Environment4388 Words   |  18 Pagestherefore imperative that women are enabled to participate and be involved at all levels of development planning throughout the industrialized and developing worlds, according to the ELC statement to the UN Women’s Conference in 1985. Female Participation in the Labor Force over the last century, the issue of women in the workplace has been a tumultuous one. Early in the 20th century, few women participated in the labor force. A womans place was at home, taking care of the family and managing the

Study Schedule for a Test Six Days Away

Your test is coming up in six days, and thankfully, youre ahead of the game because for you, cramming for a test is a huge no-no.  By giving yourself six days to prepare, youve done yourself a big favor. Not only have you reduced the amount of study time needed per session, but you have also given yourself enough time to be perfectly prepped for your test. Great news, huh? Heres a study schedule to help you prepare for a test thats six days away. Have less time? Check out the study schedules below for fewer days. Study Schedule Day 1: Ask and Read In School: Ask your teacher what type of test it will be. Multiple choice? Essay? Thatll make a difference in how you prepare.Ask your teacher for a review sheet if he/she hasnt already given you one. (i.e. test content)Get a study partner set up for the night before the test if possible – even via phone/facebook/Skype.Take home your review sheet and textbook. At Home: Eat some brain food.Read your review sheet, so you know whats going to be on the test.Reread the chapters in the textbook that will be on the test.Thats it for day one! Study Schedule Day 2: Organize and Make Flashcards: In School: Pay attention in class – your teacher may be going over things that will be on the test!Take home your handouts, assignments, and former quizzes along with your textbook and review sheet. At Home: Organize your notes. Rewrite or type them up so theyre legible. Organize your handouts according to dates. Make note of anything youre missing. (Wheres the vocab quiz from chapter 2?)Go through your review sheet, finding the answers for every question on there from your notes, handouts, textbook, etc.Make flashcards with a question/term/vocab word on the front of the card, and the answer on the back. When youre finished, put your flashcards in your backpack so you can study throughout the day tomorrow.Stay focused! Study Schedule Day 3: Memorize In School: Throughout the day, pull your flashcards out and ask yourself questions (when youre waiting for class to start, at lunch, during study hall, etc.)Clarify anything you didnt totally understand with your teacher. Ask for missing items (that vocab quiz from chapter 2).Ask if there will be a review before the test later this week. At Home: Set a timer for 45 minutes, and memorize everything on the review sheet that you dont already know using mnemonic devices like acronyms or singing a song. Stop after 45 minutes and move on to other homework. You have three more days to study for this bad boy!Put your flashcards in your backpack for more review tomorrow. Study Schedule Day 4: Memorize Some More In School: Again, pull your flashcards out and ask yourself questions throughout the day. At Home: Set a timer for 45 minutes again. Go back through your flashcards and review sheet, memorizing anything you dont have down pat. Stop after 45 minutes. Youre done for the day!Put your flashcards in your backpack for review again tomorrow. Study Schedule Day 5: Finalizing memory In School: Throughout the day, pull your flashcards out and ask yourself questions again.Confirm study date with a friend for tomorrow evening. At Home: Set your timer for 45 minutes and run through your flashcards and review sheet. Take a 5-minute break. Repeat the process until your content knowledge is better than your teachers. Study Schedule Day 6: Review and Quiz In School: If your teacher is having an exam review today, pay close attention and write down anything you havent learned yet. If the teacher mentions it today – its on the test, guaranteed! At Home: Ten-twenty minutes before your study partner (or mom) shows up to quiz you for the exam, review your flashcards. Make sure you have everything down pat.Quiz. When your study partner arrives, take turns asking possible exam questions to each other. Make sure each of you has a turn asking and answering because youll learn the material best by doing both. Stop once youve been through the questions a few times and get a good nights sleep.

Medicinal Marijuana Should Be Decriminalized Essay

For the past fifty years, heated debates over the topic of the decriminalization of marijuana have been a great controversy among politicians. Some politicians believe that marijuana for the use of medicine should be outlawed. As Congressman Bob Barr in his debate with radio talk show host Neil Boortz on May 14, 2002, stated, quot;There is no legitimate medical use whatsoever for marijuana. This [marijuana] is not medicine. This is bogus witchcraft. It has no place in medicine, no place in pain relief, and it has no place around our children.quot; However, this illicit drug can help the terminally ill patient recover, or at least provide comfort from the persistent, overbearing suffering. Continuing Medical Education, Inc., posted in†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the past few years, nine states have decriminalized the use of marijuana for medical intents. Actually, eleven states have at one time allowed patients to use medicinal marijuana, but since two states have placed new laws banning the usage of marijuana for any purpose. But by decriminalizing marijuana treatments, a broad gap has been created between the federal laws and the new state laws. By decriminalizing marijuana prescriptions, the states have allowed patients to use the drug. However that creates a problem. Although the state allows patients to handle marijuana for medicinal use, patients have no way of obtaining it legally because the federal laws strictly prohibit anybody in the United States from selling or purchasing drugs. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even though many doctors and specialists believe that marijuana is beneficial to the medical world, there are still some doctors who disagree. Opponents for the medicinal marijuana state that it similar to the Trojan horse incident. After medicinal marijuana is legalize, they will try to make marijuana legal for pleasure. They say supporters utilize a deceptive tactic of medicinal marijuana decriminalization who exploit the public’s sympathy for seriously ill patients to legalize marijuana. Competitor doctors complain that marijuana is not FDA approved, is ingested by smoking, is made up of hundreds of different chemicals,Show MoreRelated The Argumentr Regardingf The Decriminalization Of Cannabis Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pagesthat this is due to a perceived association between drugs and crime (Inciardi 1). A good deal of the argument over government policy towards drugs centers on the least unhealthy and most socially accepted of the illegal drugs, m arijuana. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marijuana, scientifically known as Tetrahydrocannabinol, belongs to its own group among other legal and illegal drugs. It is neither a narcotic, such as heroin, nor a stimulant, such as caffeine or tobacco, nor a depressant, such as alcoholRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1697 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana is currently illegal in the United States, and according to popular belief, is considered a dangerous substance like any other and decriminalization of this substance would send a message to the nation’s youth that marijuana use is acceptable, resulting in higher use rates. Some believe that it is dangerous and needs to be contained, while others believe it should only be a civil infraction, and not a crime punishable with steep fines and jail time. Marijuana offenders can experience jailRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legal Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pagespatients seeking relief from marijuana, these commercials must be difficult to bear. Peter McWilliams stated, quot;Marijuana is the finest anti-nausea medication known to science, and our leaders have lied about this consistently. (Arresting people for) medical marijuana is the most hideous example of government interference in the private lives of individuals. Its an outrage within an outrage within an outrage†. Many people do not realize the benefits of Marijuana and hemp because of conservativeRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1232 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The possession, use, cultivation, transportation, and sale of marijuana are illegal under the federal law in the United States. However, the federal government announced that states are allowed to pass a law to legalize marijuana for medical and recreational use, provided that they develop a system to regulate the activities. Under the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970, Marijuana is classified as a substance of schedule 1, the highest listing under the legislation. The classificationRead MoreMarijuana Decriminalization and Legalization636 Words   |  3 PagesThe validity of marijuana decriminalization (and even legalization) is illustrated in the following analysis of the social, fiscal, political, and medical attributes and conceptions associated with the drug. Marijuana has been used for thousands of years, in 2008; archeologists discovered over two pounds of cannabis in a 2,700-year-old grave of a shaman found in Central Asia. (Armentano, 1) Should marijuana be legalized or at least decriminalized in America? The following information may give theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be The Gateway For Medical Breakthroughs? Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesNaturally Perfected Movements Usually when society has a discussion about Tetrahydrocannabinol (formally known as marijuana or cannabis) in general, the conversation about the mostly illegal molecule or plant is usually associated with getting high, gang banging, and drug deals gone wrong. However, Naturally Perfected Movements will enlighten readers that this is not always the case. Many politicians, scientists, doctors, and everyday people seem to believe that Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a deadlyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1405 Words   |  6 Pageslegalization of marijuana in the United States is on an upward trend, although, there is much uncertainty if and when we will see National legalization. Legalizing marijuana will have a positive effect on crime, politics, the economy, and provide many health benefits. The negative effects of marijuana being classified as a schedule 1 controlled substance are numerous, including racial profiling and users being labeled as deviant. One of those most proli fic findings is that in states where marijuana is legalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana in The United States Marijuana is a plant and drug that has been in America ever since the colonists came over in the 1700’s, and like anything that has been around for that long the perceptions of it change over time as a society’s social values and beliefs change. Today in America marijuana is mostly illegal except for medicinal purposes in some states and for a few states who have legalized marijuana completely. In this paper I will be discussing three major topics about marijuana inRead MoreAlternative Course Of Action :1355 Words   |  6 PagesAlternative course of Action: A. Alternative #1 – Do nothing and keep current legislation When it comes to medicinal cannabis and its regulation, we have the chance to keep the current legislation. This would include requiring potential patients to visit a certified doctor or practitioner in order to receive an official license. After obtaining this license the patient can then take their license into the government distribution facility . Once they have taken it in, the dosage will be confirmedRead MoreContinuous Debates about the Legalization of Marijuana Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Legalization of marijuana is a notorious topic in the world today, and like any other contentious subject, it has number of support, and opposition. The valid points for both sides are plentiful, and each side feels very strong about their position on the topic. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug used for medicinal purposes, and as an illicit drug (Earleywine 34). Marijuana is the most commonly used drug in the world today. Marijuana has a psychoactive effect, and this has made it recognized

The Antipsychotics Medications-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Develop and Implement an Improved Model of care for Patients who is being admitted in the hospital and gained weight due to the antipsychotics medications. Answer: I worked in a mental health clinic in North Sydney in Mood Disorder. Most of our clients have depression and anxiety. In our unit, I saw the vast majority of our customers all through the affirmation until the point that release put on weight in view of the utilization of antipsychotics pharmaceuticals. There is no enough patient data about the utilization of the antipsychotic pharmaceuticals and its reactions. The greater part of the customers read data on the web and different sites which once in a while make struggle amongst meds and treatment. Customers are weighed on a week after week premise to screen. My venture objective is to fuse the new vision of our mental office in quiet care, for example, physical and nourishment. I might want to talk about and made inquiries to my kindred understudies on the best way to help our purchasers in diminishing or keep up weight as opposed to put on weight and other co-morbidities that may happen amid quiet affirmation and treatment. As a RN, I watched the majority of our shopper following 1 week of affirmation put on weight more than 1 kilos in the wake of having against maniacal meds. As indicated by Verma et al, 2009, antipsychotic medicines are the most worthy and powerful treatment for buyers with melancholy and uneasiness. Be that as it may, the most issues that RN looking in our unit is shopper's weight pick up and metabolic variations from the norm. Aim Develop and implement an improved model of care for patients who is being admitted in the hospital and gained weight due to the antipsychotics medications. Background Obesity is a known hazard factor for hypertension, diabetes coronary illness, stroke, osteoarthritis and a few types of malignancy. The Diabetes UK report, 'Sort 2 diabetes and weight: a substantial weight', proposes that the fat individuals have a 10 80 times higher danger of creating diabetes. The critical effect of weight pick up on vascular mortality has been appeared in many investigations; a few examinations have demonstrated a 31% higher general mortality and 23% higher cardiovascular occasions for patients with an expansion of ~5kg/m2 more prominent BMI beginning from a BMI of 25. Regularly there is such a great amount of concentrate on dealing with their psychological sickness, that individuals' physical wellbeing needs are disregarded. This has as of late been portrayed as a 'scourge inside a plague' as youngsters with rising psychosis are rapidly putting on weight when utilizing solution (Inouye, Marcantonio, and Metzger 2014). Strategies Different non-pharmacological techniques have turned out to be successful for the individuals who stick to them. In any case, this requires noteworthy exertion and inspiration with respect to patients. During the precise survey, Das et al. (2012) found that the behavioural treatment decreases the weight by kg 4 kg contrasted with controls and intellectual behavioural mediations joined with nourishment and exercise advising had all the evidence of being the best procedure. This finding was upheld by a past orderly survey (Deng 2013). Non - Pharmacological The primary treatment for obesity must focus on the diet and the exercise program which had been provided to the patient according to their lifestyle and also their physical needs (Wu et al. 2016). Nutrition and diet There are various categories of diets which have been suggested for the reduction of weight, but despite of the type of diet that is being chosen, the total amount of energy intake should be reduced so that it can help in preventing the obesity. Once the weight has been reduced the intake of energy must be reduced for preventing the regain of weight. The persons are provided with low-calorie diets which are having less fat and lower energy, which is having 30% of the total calories which is derived from the fat that are consumed. The diet must also contain proteins; must consist of carbohydrates and fibre. This diet can be fulfilled through the increase in consumption of whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Physical activity Obesity is generally caused due to the inactive lifestyle, as shown by the opposite relationship in both the weight of the body and the physical activity a person is doing. Exercise is type of physiological stimulus which can result in the release of free radicals of fatty acids that are stored in fat and those are used as the main source of energy. Behavioural treatment The behavioural treatment strategies are mainly done for changing the eating habits and increasing activity so that it can help in reducing the calorie from the body. These strategies are the important factor of the program for weight loss because they generally focus on the barriers that frequently limit the adherence of the patient. Scope Antipsychotic medications often unfavorably influence hunger and anxiety. This shows up particularly articulated with the more up to date, second-age antipsychotic solutions. These solutions are utilized usually due to their utility in the treatment of various differing, extreme mental sicknesses, for example, schizophrenia and related crazy issue, bipolar disorder, extremely introverted confusion and problematic conduct or forceful range issue, additionally having a part as increasing operators in significant depressive issue (Foley 2014). Although particular specialists will probably cause weight pick up than others, all antipsychotics can cause clinically noteworthy weight pick up. Shockingly, systems and indicators permitting individualized treatment choice are generally obscure. Antipsychotic-guilelessness and early noteworthy weight pick up give off an impression of being the most dependable indicators of antipsychotic-related weight pick up, with pediatric patients likewise be ing among the most defenseless populaces. Changing to bring down weight pick up delivering specialists has the possibility of giving some advantage, and is typically best when a moderate cross decrease or, even, a covering, level cross-titration is performed. However explore on changing or ceasing antipsychotics is restricted and where it exists, thinks about shifted in their outline and size of results (Ballon et al. 2014). Justification In spite of heterogeneity among people and particular operators, antipsychotics are related with noteworthy weight pick up and unfavorable metabolic influences that can diminish patient's future and personal satisfaction. While a portion of the possible related endpoints, including diabetes, metabolic disorder and ischemic cardiovascular occasions, set aside greater opportunity to create, antipsychotics appear to add to unexpected passing rates due to the quickened cardiometabolic chance collection (Papanastasiou 2012). Antipsychotic related weight pick up and advancement of dyslipidemia are most articulated in youth and amid the early period of treatment, while different indicators, for example, low BMI, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and so forth, have been less dependably connected with the extent of these unfriendly occasions. Components fundamental antipsychotic-related cardiometabolic antagonistic impact are as yet obscure, obstructing the advancement of really focused on and f ruitful mediations, however consequences for nourishment admission and vitality homeostasis, for example, ehypothalamic 5HT2c and H1 receptors, focal or fringe hormones and peptides, are likely included (Deng 2013). Checking of cardiometabolic symptoms is as yet lacking in clinical work on, lessening the recognizable proof of focuses for the change of cardiometabolic wellbeing in patients accepting antipsychotics. By and large, three techniques that have been unobtrusively effective in restricting antipsychotic weight pick up contrasted with a control condition include: 1) the change to an antipsychotic with bring down cardiometabolic hazard; 2) adjunctive behavioral intercessions; and 3) adjunctive psychopharmacological mediations. Among behavioural treatment, gathering and individual treatment, dietary directing and psychological behavioural treatment appear to be correspondingly successful. In any case, the weight reduction was just cant be assumed to be contrasted with the controlled condition and did not generally incorporate proper weight reduction according to the standard. In addition, weight pick up was as yet significant/happened as often as possible, particularly in antipsychotic-credulous patients and when utilizing methodologies "preventively". Future research is required that looks at no holds barred distinctive treatment modalities and pharmacologic specialists (Ghanizadeh, Nikseresht and Sahraian 2013). Questions raised to the fellow students regarding my project: Do you agree that proper nutrition, physical activity and behavioural treatment can help in the reduction of the obesity caused by the antipsychotic medicine? Why? Is there any other type of interventions which can help to stop the deposition of fat due to the consumption of the antipsychotic drugs? What are the future aspects of this project? References Ames, D., Carr-Lopez, S.M., Gutierrez, M.A., Pierre, J.M., Rosen, J.A., Shakib, S. and Yudofsky, L.M., 2016. Detecting and managing adverse effects of antipsychotic medications.Psychiatric Clinics,39(2), pp.275-311. Ballon, J.S., Pajvani, U., Freyberg, Z., Leibel, R.L. and Lieberman, J.A., 2014. Molecular pathophysiology of metabolic effects of antipsychotic medications.Trends in Endocrinology Metabolism,25(11), pp.593-600. Das, C., Mendez, G., Jagasia, S. and Labbate, L.A., 2012. Second-generation antipsychotic use in schizophrenia and associated weight gain: a critical review and meta-analysis of behavioral and pharmacologic treatments. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 24(3), pp.225-239. Deng, C., 2013. Effects of antipsychotic medications on appetite, weight, and insulin resistance.Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America,42(3), pp.545-563. Deng, C., 2013. Effects of antipsychotic medications on appetite, weight, and insulin resistance.Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America,42(3), pp.545-563. Foley, D.L., 2014. A hypothesized mechanism for the cardiovascular risk associated with antipsychotic drug exposure and a potential preventive treatment.Molecular psychiatry,19(1), pp.12-14. G Fiedorowicz, J., D Miller, D., R Bishop, J., A Calarge, C., L Ellingrod, V. and G Haynes, W., 2012. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological interventions for weight gain from antipsychotics and mood stabilizers.Current psychiatry reviews,8(1), pp.25-36. Ghanizadeh, A., Nikseresht, M.S. and Sahraian, A., 2013. The effect of zonisamide on antipsychotic-associated weight gain in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Schizophrenia research,147(1), pp.110-115. Hendrick, V., Dasher, R., Gitlin, M. and Parsi, M., 2017. Minimizing weight gain for patients taking antipsychotic medications: The potential role for early use of metformin.Annals of Clinical Psychiatry,29(2), pp.120-124. Inouye, S.K., Marcantonio, E.R. and Metzger, E.D., 2014. Doing damage in delirium: the hazards of antipsychotic treatment in elderly persons.The Lancet. Psychiatry,1(4), p.312. Papanastasiou, E., 2012. Interventions for the metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: a review.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism,3(5), pp.141-162. Wu, R.R., Zhang, F.Y., Gao, K.M., Ou, J.J., Shao, P., Jin, H., Guo, W.B., Chan, P.K. and Zhao, J.P., 2016. Metformin treatment of antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia: an analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials.Molecular psychiatry,21(11), pp.1537-1544.